Without such authority and established order, Machiavelli argued that society would be weakened and that political peace and stability could never be established and maintained. Throughout The Prince, Machiavelli argued that politics is nothing more complicated than the study of power and that all means may be resorted to by political leaders to strengthen the political establishment and preserve authority. The political theory of Macchiaveli is put forward in the book The Prince, which was published posthumously in 1532. In May 1527 the Florentines again drove out the Medici and proclaimed the republic, but Machiavelli, bitterly disappointed that he was to be allowed no part in the movement for liberty, died at the age of 58. After the defeat of the French at Pavia (1525), Italy was helpless before the advancing forces of the Emperor Charles V and Machiavelli strove to avert from Florence the invading army on its way to Rome. In 1521-25 he was employed in diplomatic services and as historiographer. In 1519, Machiavelli was commissioned by Leo X to draw up his report on a reform of the state of Florence. In that capacity, he was employed in a great variety of missions and his dispatches during these journeys, and his treatises on the Affairs of France and Germany helped to shape his views on government. Machiavelli became secretary of the Ten of War (the body that governed the military of Florence at the time) a post he held until 1512. Born in the Italian city-state of Florence in 1469, Machiavelli witnesses the French Invasion of Italy in 1494 and the decline of the Medici family’s political power. The 16th Century Italian philosopher Niccolò Machiavelli (widely considered to be the founder of modern political theory) put forward an entirely different interpretation of the nature of political power. The 16th Century Italian philosopher Machiavelli believed that the government needed to use whatever means to ensure political peace and stability. Additionally, Aristotle felt that politics is the master science because mankind is an innately political animal that engaged in politics through all of their actions, however unimportant or insignificant they may seem. He argued that any communication between two people revolves around those subjects and is thus political in nature. In both Politicsand Nicomachean Ethics, Aristotle described politics essentially as the study of values and ethics, what is right and wrong, and the study of what should be and what could be. During his time in Athens, he wrote, many different works including Politicsand Nicomachean Ethics. Soon after Alexander succeeded his father, consolidated the conquest of the Greek city-states, and launched the invasion of the Persian Empire, Aristotle returned as a resident alien to Athens. After Plato’s death, he left Athens to conduct philosophical research and was eventually invited by King Philip II of Macedon to tutor his young son, Alexander the Great. As a young man, Aristotle studied in Plato’s Academy in Athens. Aristotle was born on the border between Greece and Albania to a family with close connections to the King of Macedon. Along with Plato, Aristotle is generally regarded as one of the founders of both Western philosophy and political science. Perhaps the earliest contributor to political theory was Aristotle (384-322 BCE), a Greek philosopher, logician, and scientist. The Greek philosopher Aristotle was one of the founders of political theory and Western philosophy and felt that every action an individual takes is innately political in nature. The idea of politics dates back to the Hellenistic period and has undergone many different interpretations over the ensuing centuries. It refers to achieving and exercising positions of governance and is the study or practice of the distribution of power and resources within a given community. Politics (meaning “affairs of the cities” in Greek) is the process of making decisions that apply to members of a group.
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